diff --git a/config/env.ini b/config/env.ini
index a8e7a8a6..bf322adb 100644
--- a/config/env.ini
+++ b/config/env.ini
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ SPC_CMD_VAR_FRANKENPHP_XCADDY_MODULES="--with github.com/dunglas/frankenphp/cadd
 
 [windows]
 ; build target: win7-static
-SPC_TARGET=msvc-static
+SPC_TARGET=native
 ; php-sdk-binary-tools path
 PHP_SDK_PATH="${WORKING_DIR}\php-sdk-binary-tools"
 ; upx executable path
@@ -75,7 +75,9 @@ SPC_MICRO_PATCHES=static_extensions_win32,cli_checks,disable_huge_page,vcruntime
 ; - musl-static (default): pure static linking, using musl-libc, can run on any linux distro.
 ; - musl: static linking with dynamic linking to musl-libc, can run on musl-based linux distro.
 ; - glibc: static linking with dynamic linking to glibc, can run on glibc-based linux distro.
-SPC_TARGET=musl-static
+
+; include PATH for musl libc.
+SPC_LIBC=musl
 ; compiler environments
 CC=${SPC_LINUX_DEFAULT_CC}
 CXX=${SPC_LINUX_DEFAULT_CXX}
@@ -122,7 +124,7 @@ SPC_CMD_VAR_PHP_MAKE_EXTRA_LDFLAGS_PROGRAM="-all-static -Wl,-O1 -pie"
 [macos]
 ; build target: macho or macho (possibly we could support macho-universal in the future)
 ; Currently we do not support universal and cross-compilation for macOS.
-SPC_TARGET=macho
+SPC_TARGET=native
 ; compiler environments
 CC=clang
 CXX=clang++
diff --git a/src/SPC/builder/Extension.php b/src/SPC/builder/Extension.php
index 3f63c84b..d00c8de0 100644
--- a/src/SPC/builder/Extension.php
+++ b/src/SPC/builder/Extension.php
@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ use SPC\exception\WrongUsageException;
 use SPC\store\Config;
 use SPC\store\FileSystem;
 use SPC\util\SPCConfigUtil;
+use SPC\util\SPCTarget;
 
 class Extension
 {
@@ -532,6 +533,11 @@ class Extension
                 $sharedLibString .= '-l' . $lib . ' ';
             }
         }
+        // move static libstdc++ to shared if we are on non-full-static build target
+        if (!SPCTarget::isStaticTarget() && in_array(SPCTarget::getLibc(), SPCTarget::LIBC_LIST)) {
+            $staticLibString .= ' -lstdc++';
+            $sharedLibString = str_replace('-lstdc++', '', $sharedLibString);
+        }
         return [trim($staticLibString), trim($sharedLibString)];
     }
 
diff --git a/src/SPC/builder/extension/imagick.php b/src/SPC/builder/extension/imagick.php
index 8332f832..514e79b3 100644
--- a/src/SPC/builder/extension/imagick.php
+++ b/src/SPC/builder/extension/imagick.php
@@ -6,7 +6,6 @@ namespace SPC\builder\extension;
 
 use SPC\builder\Extension;
 use SPC\util\CustomExt;
-use SPC\util\SPCTarget;
 
 #[CustomExt('imagick')]
 class imagick extends Extension
@@ -16,15 +15,4 @@ class imagick extends Extension
         $disable_omp = ' ac_cv_func_omp_pause_resource_all=no';
         return '--with-imagick=' . ($shared ? 'shared,' : '') . BUILD_ROOT_PATH . $disable_omp;
     }
-
-    protected function getStaticAndSharedLibs(): array
-    {
-        // on centos 7, it will use the symbol _ZTINSt6thread6_StateE, which is not defined in system libstdc++.so.6
-        [$static, $shared] = parent::getStaticAndSharedLibs();
-        if (SPCTarget::isTarget(SPCTarget::GLIBC)) {
-            $static .= ' -lstdc++';
-            $shared = str_replace('-lstdc++', '', $shared);
-        }
-        return [$static, $shared];
-    }
 }
diff --git a/src/SPC/builder/linux/SystemUtil.php b/src/SPC/builder/linux/SystemUtil.php
index 1e405768..0f6d3578 100644
--- a/src/SPC/builder/linux/SystemUtil.php
+++ b/src/SPC/builder/linux/SystemUtil.php
@@ -6,7 +6,6 @@ namespace SPC\builder\linux;
 
 use SPC\builder\traits\UnixSystemUtilTrait;
 use SPC\exception\RuntimeException;
-use SPC\util\SPCTarget;
 
 class SystemUtil
 {
@@ -189,12 +188,12 @@ class SystemUtil
     /**
      * Get libc version string from ldd
      */
-    public static function getLibcVersionIfExists(): ?string
+    public static function getLibcVersionIfExists(string $libc): ?string
     {
         if (self::$libc_version !== null) {
             return self::$libc_version;
         }
-        if (SPCTarget::isTarget(SPCTarget::GLIBC)) {
+        if ($libc === 'glibc') {
             $result = shell()->execWithResult('ldd --version', false);
             if ($result[0] !== 0) {
                 return null;
@@ -209,7 +208,7 @@ class SystemUtil
             }
             return null;
         }
-        if (SPCTarget::isTarget(SPCTarget::MUSL_STATIC)) {
+        if ($libc === 'musl') {
             if (self::isMuslDist()) {
                 $result = shell()->execWithResult('ldd 2>&1', false);
             } else {
diff --git a/src/SPC/builder/linux/library/icu.php b/src/SPC/builder/linux/library/icu.php
index 6fb7e1fc..26b98899 100644
--- a/src/SPC/builder/linux/library/icu.php
+++ b/src/SPC/builder/linux/library/icu.php
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ class icu extends LinuxLibraryBase
     {
         $cppflags = 'CPPFLAGS="-DU_CHARSET_IS_UTF8=1  -DU_USING_ICU_NAMESPACE=1 -DU_STATIC_IMPLEMENTATION=1 -DPIC -fPIC"';
         $cxxflags = 'CXXFLAGS="-std=c++17 -DPIC -fPIC -fno-ident"';
-        $ldflags = SPCTarget::isTarget(SPCTarget::MUSL_STATIC) ? 'LDFLAGS="-static"' : '';
+        $ldflags = SPCTarget::isStaticTarget() ? 'LDFLAGS="-static"' : '';
         shell()->cd($this->source_dir . '/source')->initializeEnv($this)
             ->exec(
                 "{$cppflags} {$cxxflags} {$ldflags} " .
diff --git a/src/SPC/builder/macos/MacOSBuilder.php b/src/SPC/builder/macos/MacOSBuilder.php
index 173ec954..362a68fe 100644
--- a/src/SPC/builder/macos/MacOSBuilder.php
+++ b/src/SPC/builder/macos/MacOSBuilder.php
@@ -29,6 +29,7 @@ class MacOSBuilder extends UnixBuilderBase
 
         // apply global environment variables
         GlobalEnvManager::init();
+        GlobalEnvManager::afterInit();
 
         // ---------- set necessary compile vars ----------
         // concurrency
diff --git a/src/SPC/builder/unix/UnixBuilderBase.php b/src/SPC/builder/unix/UnixBuilderBase.php
index 886eec68..f0e2dba5 100644
--- a/src/SPC/builder/unix/UnixBuilderBase.php
+++ b/src/SPC/builder/unix/UnixBuilderBase.php
@@ -201,7 +201,7 @@ abstract class UnixBuilderBase extends BuilderBase
             $util = new SPCConfigUtil($this);
             $config = $util->config($this->ext_list, $this->lib_list, $this->getOption('with-suggested-exts'), $this->getOption('with-suggested-libs'));
             $lens = "{$config['cflags']} {$config['ldflags']} {$config['libs']}";
-            if (SPCTarget::isTarget(SPCTarget::MUSL_STATIC)) {
+            if (SPCTarget::isStaticTarget()) {
                 $lens .= ' -static';
             }
             [$ret, $out] = shell()->cd($sample_file_path)->execWithResult(getenv('CC') . ' -o embed embed.c ' . $lens);
@@ -335,7 +335,7 @@ abstract class UnixBuilderBase extends BuilderBase
         $debugFlags = $this->getOption('no-strip') ? "'-w -s' " : '';
         $extLdFlags = "-extldflags '-pie'";
         $muslTags = '';
-        if (SPCTarget::isTarget(SPCTarget::MUSL_STATIC)) {
+        if (SPCTarget::isStaticTarget()) {
             $extLdFlags = "-extldflags '-static-pie -Wl,-z,stack-size=0x80000'";
             $muslTags = 'static_build,';
         }
diff --git a/src/SPC/builder/unix/library/imagemagick.php b/src/SPC/builder/unix/library/imagemagick.php
index f126bf30..d8d7e0c9 100644
--- a/src/SPC/builder/unix/library/imagemagick.php
+++ b/src/SPC/builder/unix/library/imagemagick.php
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ namespace SPC\builder\unix\library;
 
 use SPC\exception\FileSystemException;
 use SPC\exception\RuntimeException;
+use SPC\exception\WrongUsageException;
 use SPC\store\FileSystem;
 use SPC\util\executor\UnixAutoconfExecutor;
 use SPC\util\SPCTarget;
@@ -15,6 +16,7 @@ trait imagemagick
     /**
      * @throws RuntimeException
      * @throws FileSystemException
+     * @throws WrongUsageException
      */
     protected function build(): void
     {
@@ -36,11 +38,11 @@ trait imagemagick
                 '--without-x',
             );
 
-        // special: linux musl-static needs `-static`
-        $ldflags = !SPCTarget::isTarget(SPCTarget::MUSL_STATIC) ? ('-static -ldl') : '-ldl';
+        // special: linux-static target needs `-static`
+        $ldflags = SPCTarget::isStaticTarget() ? ('-static -ldl') : '-ldl';
 
         // special: macOS needs -iconv
-        $libs = SPCTarget::isTarget(SPCTarget::MACHO) ? '-liconv' : '';
+        $libs = SPCTarget::getTargetOS() === 'Darwin' ? '-liconv' : '';
 
         $ac->appendEnv([
             'LDFLAGS' => $ldflags,
diff --git a/src/SPC/builder/unix/library/ldap.php b/src/SPC/builder/unix/library/ldap.php
index e87310cb..18393e24 100644
--- a/src/SPC/builder/unix/library/ldap.php
+++ b/src/SPC/builder/unix/library/ldap.php
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ trait ldap
 {
     public function patchBeforeBuild(): bool
     {
-        $extra = SPCTarget::isTarget(SPCTarget::GLIBC) ? '-ldl -lpthread -lm -lresolv -lutil' : '';
+        $extra = SPCTarget::getLibc() === 'glibc' ? '-ldl -lpthread -lm -lresolv -lutil' : '';
         FileSystem::replaceFileStr($this->source_dir . '/configure', '"-lssl -lcrypto', '"-lssl -lcrypto -lz ' . $extra);
         return true;
     }
diff --git a/src/SPC/builder/unix/library/mimalloc.php b/src/SPC/builder/unix/library/mimalloc.php
index 0808516c..6d89e6df 100644
--- a/src/SPC/builder/unix/library/mimalloc.php
+++ b/src/SPC/builder/unix/library/mimalloc.php
@@ -14,9 +14,9 @@ trait mimalloc
         $cmake = UnixCMakeExecutor::create($this)
             ->addConfigureArgs(
                 '-DMI_BUILD_SHARED=OFF',
-                '-DMI_INSTALL_TOPLEVEL=ON'
+                '-DMI_INSTALL_TOPLEVEL=ON',
             );
-        if (SPCTarget::isTarget(SPCTarget::MUSL) || SPCTarget::isTarget(SPCTarget::MUSL_STATIC)) {
+        if (SPCTarget::getLibc() === 'musl') {
             $cmake->addConfigureArgs('-DMI_LIBC_MUSL=ON');
         }
         $cmake->build();
diff --git a/src/SPC/builder/unix/library/postgresql.php b/src/SPC/builder/unix/library/postgresql.php
index efcfc089..7ca324c2 100644
--- a/src/SPC/builder/unix/library/postgresql.php
+++ b/src/SPC/builder/unix/library/postgresql.php
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ trait postgresql
         $error_exec_cnt += $output[0] === 0 ? 0 : 1;
         if (!empty($output[1][0])) {
             $ldflags = $output[1][0];
-            $envs .= SPCTarget::isTarget(SPCTarget::MUSL_STATIC) ? " LDFLAGS=\"{$ldflags} -static\" " : " LDFLAGS=\"{$ldflags}\" ";
+            $envs .= SPCTarget::isStaticTarget() ? " LDFLAGS=\"{$ldflags} -static\" " : " LDFLAGS=\"{$ldflags}\" ";
         }
         $output = shell()->execWithResult("pkg-config --libs-only-l --static {$packages}");
         $error_exec_cnt += $output[0] === 0 ? 0 : 1;
diff --git a/src/SPC/builder/windows/WindowsBuilder.php b/src/SPC/builder/windows/WindowsBuilder.php
index c7450050..25a503eb 100644
--- a/src/SPC/builder/windows/WindowsBuilder.php
+++ b/src/SPC/builder/windows/WindowsBuilder.php
@@ -34,6 +34,7 @@ class WindowsBuilder extends BuilderBase
         $this->options = $options;
 
         GlobalEnvManager::init();
+        GlobalEnvManager::afterInit();
 
         // ---------- set necessary options ----------
         // set sdk (require visual studio 16 or 17)
diff --git a/src/SPC/command/BuildPHPCommand.php b/src/SPC/command/BuildPHPCommand.php
index f9938957..62f4260e 100644
--- a/src/SPC/command/BuildPHPCommand.php
+++ b/src/SPC/command/BuildPHPCommand.php
@@ -64,8 +64,8 @@ class BuildPHPCommand extends BuildCommand
 
         // check dynamic extension build env
         // linux must build with glibc
-        if (!empty($shared_extensions) && SPCTarget::isTarget(SPCTarget::MUSL_STATIC)) {
-            $this->output->writeln('Linux does not support dynamic extension loading with musl-libc full-static build, please build with glibc!');
+        if (!empty($shared_extensions) && SPCTarget::isStaticTarget()) {
+            $this->output->writeln('Linux does not support dynamic extension loading with musl-libc full-static build, please build with shared target!');
             return static::FAILURE;
         }
         $static_and_shared = array_intersect($static_extensions, $shared_extensions);
diff --git a/src/SPC/command/DownloadCommand.php b/src/SPC/command/DownloadCommand.php
index 35529f5e..1e895bdb 100644
--- a/src/SPC/command/DownloadCommand.php
+++ b/src/SPC/command/DownloadCommand.php
@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@ declare(strict_types=1);
 
 namespace SPC\command;
 
-use SPC\builder\linux\SystemUtil;
 use SPC\builder\traits\UnixSystemUtilTrait;
 use SPC\exception\DownloaderException;
 use SPC\exception\FileSystemException;
@@ -224,12 +223,8 @@ class DownloadCommand extends BaseCommand
                             '{name}' => $source,
                             '{arch}' => arch2gnu(php_uname('m')),
                             '{os}' => strtolower(PHP_OS_FAMILY),
-                            '{libc}' => match (getenv('SPC_TARGET')) {
-                                SPCTarget::MUSL_STATIC, SPCTarget::MUSL => 'musl',
-                                SPCTarget::GLIBC => 'glibc',
-                                default => 'default',
-                            },
-                            '{libcver}' => PHP_OS_FAMILY === 'Linux' ? (SystemUtil::getLibcVersionIfExists() ?? 'default') : 'default',
+                            '{libc}' => SPCTarget::getLibc() ?? 'default',
+                            '{libcver}' => SPCTarget::getLibcVersion() ?? 'default',
                         ];
                         $find = str_replace(array_keys($replace), array_values($replace), Config::getPreBuilt('match-pattern'));
                         // find filename in asset list
diff --git a/src/SPC/command/dev/PackLibCommand.php b/src/SPC/command/dev/PackLibCommand.php
index 29a22353..e51cdb17 100644
--- a/src/SPC/command/dev/PackLibCommand.php
+++ b/src/SPC/command/dev/PackLibCommand.php
@@ -6,7 +6,6 @@ namespace SPC\command\dev;
 
 use SPC\builder\BuilderProvider;
 use SPC\builder\LibraryBase;
-use SPC\builder\linux\SystemUtil;
 use SPC\command\BuildCommand;
 use SPC\exception\ExceptionHandler;
 use SPC\exception\FileSystemException;
@@ -77,12 +76,8 @@ class PackLibCommand extends BuildCommand
                         '{name}' => $lib->getName(),
                         '{arch}' => arch2gnu(php_uname('m')),
                         '{os}' => strtolower(PHP_OS_FAMILY),
-                        '{libc}' => match (getenv('SPC_TARGET')) {
-                            SPCTarget::MUSL_STATIC, SPCTarget::MUSL => 'musl',
-                            SPCTarget::GLIBC => 'glibc',
-                            default => 'default',
-                        },
-                        '{libcver}' => SystemUtil::getLibcVersionIfExists() ?? 'default',
+                        '{libc}' => SPCTarget::getLibc() ?? 'default',
+                        '{libcver}' => SPCTarget::getLibcVersion() ?? 'default',
                     ];
                     // detect suffix, for proper tar option
                     $tar_option = $this->getTarOptionFromSuffix(Config::getPreBuilt('match-pattern'));
diff --git a/src/SPC/store/Downloader.php b/src/SPC/store/Downloader.php
index 050cd88d..f031d73a 100644
--- a/src/SPC/store/Downloader.php
+++ b/src/SPC/store/Downloader.php
@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@ declare(strict_types=1);
 
 namespace SPC\store;
 
-use SPC\builder\linux\SystemUtil;
 use SPC\exception\DownloaderException;
 use SPC\exception\FileSystemException;
 use SPC\exception\RuntimeException;
@@ -594,12 +593,8 @@ class Downloader
     {
         $os_family = PHP_OS_FAMILY;
         $gnu_arch = getenv('GNU_ARCH') ?: 'unknown';
-        $libc = match (getenv('SPC_TARGET')) {
-            SPCTarget::MUSL_STATIC, SPCTarget::MUSL => 'musl',
-            SPCTarget::GLIBC => 'glibc',
-            default => 'default',
-        };
-        $libc_version = SystemUtil::getLibcVersionIfExists() ?? 'default';
+        $libc = SPCTarget::getLibc();
+        $libc_version = SPCTarget::getLibcVersion() ?? 'default';
 
         return "{$source}-{$os_family}-{$gnu_arch}-{$libc}-{$libc_version}";
     }
diff --git a/src/SPC/store/SourcePatcher.php b/src/SPC/store/SourcePatcher.php
index 69d3a649..fe7d5333 100644
--- a/src/SPC/store/SourcePatcher.php
+++ b/src/SPC/store/SourcePatcher.php
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@ use SPC\builder\unix\UnixBuilderBase;
 use SPC\exception\FileSystemException;
 use SPC\exception\RuntimeException;
 use SPC\exception\WrongUsageException;
+use SPC\util\SPCTarget;
 
 class SourcePatcher
 {
@@ -456,7 +457,7 @@ class SourcePatcher
 
     public static function patchFfiCentos7FixO3strncmp(): bool
     {
-        if (PHP_OS_FAMILY !== 'Linux' || SystemUtil::getLibcVersionIfExists() > '2.17') {
+        if (!($ver = SPCTarget::getLibcVersion()) || version_compare($ver, '2.17', '>')) {
             return false;
         }
         if (!file_exists(SOURCE_PATH . '/php-src/main/php_version.h')) {
diff --git a/src/SPC/store/pkg/GoXcaddy.php b/src/SPC/store/pkg/GoXcaddy.php
index e0c7c5b9..8dc1cf2d 100644
--- a/src/SPC/store/pkg/GoXcaddy.php
+++ b/src/SPC/store/pkg/GoXcaddy.php
@@ -7,7 +7,6 @@ namespace SPC\store\pkg;
 use SPC\store\Downloader;
 use SPC\store\FileSystem;
 use SPC\store\LockFile;
-use SPC\util\GlobalEnvManager;
 
 class GoXcaddy extends CustomPackage
 {
@@ -62,7 +61,6 @@ class GoXcaddy extends CustomPackage
 
         FileSystem::extractPackage($name, $source_type, $filename, $extract);
 
-        GlobalEnvManager::init();
         // install xcaddy
         shell()
             ->appendEnv([
diff --git a/src/SPC/util/toolchain/ClangNativeToolchain.php b/src/SPC/toolchain/ClangNativeToolchain.php
similarity index 77%
rename from src/SPC/util/toolchain/ClangNativeToolchain.php
rename to src/SPC/toolchain/ClangNativeToolchain.php
index ac93513a..c5186521 100644
--- a/src/SPC/util/toolchain/ClangNativeToolchain.php
+++ b/src/SPC/toolchain/ClangNativeToolchain.php
@@ -2,30 +2,25 @@
 
 declare(strict_types=1);
 
-namespace SPC\util\toolchain;
+namespace SPC\toolchain;
 
 use SPC\builder\freebsd\SystemUtil as FreeBSDSystemUtil;
 use SPC\builder\linux\SystemUtil as LinuxSystemUtil;
 use SPC\builder\macos\SystemUtil as MacOSSystemUtil;
 use SPC\exception\WrongUsageException;
 use SPC\util\GlobalEnvManager;
-use SPC\util\SPCTarget;
 
 class ClangNativeToolchain implements ToolchainInterface
 {
-    public function initEnv(string $target): void
+    public function initEnv(): void
     {
-        // native toolchain does not support versioning
-        if (SPCTarget::getTargetSuffix() !== null) {
-            throw new WrongUsageException('Clang native toolchain does not support versioning.');
-        }
         GlobalEnvManager::putenv('SPC_LINUX_DEFAULT_CC=clang');
         GlobalEnvManager::putenv('SPC_LINUX_DEFAULT_CXX=clang++');
         GlobalEnvManager::putenv('SPC_LINUX_DEFAULT_AR=ar');
         GlobalEnvManager::putenv('SPC_LINUX_DEFAULT_LD=ld');
     }
 
-    public function afterInit(string $target): void
+    public function afterInit(): void
     {
         // check clang exists
         match (PHP_OS_FAMILY) {
diff --git a/src/SPC/util/toolchain/GccNativeToolchain.php b/src/SPC/toolchain/GccNativeToolchain.php
similarity index 77%
rename from src/SPC/util/toolchain/GccNativeToolchain.php
rename to src/SPC/toolchain/GccNativeToolchain.php
index 2547334a..bd8cc868 100644
--- a/src/SPC/util/toolchain/GccNativeToolchain.php
+++ b/src/SPC/toolchain/GccNativeToolchain.php
@@ -2,30 +2,25 @@
 
 declare(strict_types=1);
 
-namespace SPC\util\toolchain;
+namespace SPC\toolchain;
 
 use SPC\builder\freebsd\SystemUtil as FreeBSDSystemUtil;
 use SPC\builder\linux\SystemUtil as LinuxSystemUtil;
 use SPC\builder\macos\SystemUtil as MacOSSystemUtil;
 use SPC\exception\WrongUsageException;
 use SPC\util\GlobalEnvManager;
-use SPC\util\SPCTarget;
 
 class GccNativeToolchain implements ToolchainInterface
 {
-    public function initEnv(string $target): void
+    public function initEnv(): void
     {
-        // native toolchain does not support versioning
-        if (SPCTarget::getTargetSuffix() !== null) {
-            throw new WrongUsageException('gcc native toolchain does not support versioning.');
-        }
         GlobalEnvManager::putenv('SPC_LINUX_DEFAULT_CC=gcc');
         GlobalEnvManager::putenv('SPC_LINUX_DEFAULT_CXX=g++');
         GlobalEnvManager::putenv('SPC_LINUX_DEFAULT_AR=ar');
         GlobalEnvManager::putenv('SPC_LINUX_DEFAULT_LD=ld.gold');
     }
 
-    public function afterInit(string $target): void
+    public function afterInit(): void
     {
         // check gcc exists
         match (PHP_OS_FAMILY) {
diff --git a/src/SPC/toolchain/MSVCToolchain.php b/src/SPC/toolchain/MSVCToolchain.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..567cff38
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/SPC/toolchain/MSVCToolchain.php
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+namespace SPC\toolchain;
+
+class MSVCToolchain implements ToolchainInterface
+{
+    public function initEnv(): void {}
+
+    public function afterInit(): void {}
+}
diff --git a/src/SPC/util/toolchain/MuslToolchain.php b/src/SPC/toolchain/MuslToolchain.php
similarity index 78%
rename from src/SPC/util/toolchain/MuslToolchain.php
rename to src/SPC/toolchain/MuslToolchain.php
index 6a97b809..dd795556 100644
--- a/src/SPC/util/toolchain/MuslToolchain.php
+++ b/src/SPC/toolchain/MuslToolchain.php
@@ -2,20 +2,15 @@
 
 declare(strict_types=1);
 
-namespace SPC\util\toolchain;
+namespace SPC\toolchain;
 
 use SPC\exception\WrongUsageException;
 use SPC\util\GlobalEnvManager;
-use SPC\util\SPCTarget;
 
 class MuslToolchain implements ToolchainInterface
 {
-    public function initEnv(string $target): void
+    public function initEnv(): void
     {
-        // Check if the target is musl-static (the musl(-shared) target is not supported yet)
-        if (!in_array($target, [SPCTarget::MUSL_STATIC/* , SPCTarget::MUSL */], true)) {
-            throw new WrongUsageException('MuslToolchain can only be used with the "musl-static" target.');
-        }
         $arch = getenv('GNU_ARCH');
         // Set environment variables for musl toolchain
         GlobalEnvManager::putenv("SPC_LINUX_DEFAULT_CC={$arch}-linux-musl-gcc");
@@ -29,7 +24,7 @@ class MuslToolchain implements ToolchainInterface
         GlobalEnvManager::putenv("SPC_LINUX_DEFAULT_LIBRARY_PATH=/usr/local/musl/lib:/usr/local/musl/{$arch}-linux-musl/lib");
     }
 
-    public function afterInit(string $target): void
+    public function afterInit(): void
     {
         $arch = getenv('GNU_ARCH');
         // append LD_LIBRARY_PATH to $configure = getenv('SPC_CMD_PREFIX_PHP_CONFIGURE');
diff --git a/src/SPC/util/toolchain/ToolchainInterface.php b/src/SPC/toolchain/ToolchainInterface.php
similarity index 64%
rename from src/SPC/util/toolchain/ToolchainInterface.php
rename to src/SPC/toolchain/ToolchainInterface.php
index 540794ac..5c6d51d8 100644
--- a/src/SPC/util/toolchain/ToolchainInterface.php
+++ b/src/SPC/toolchain/ToolchainInterface.php
@@ -2,17 +2,17 @@
 
 declare(strict_types=1);
 
-namespace SPC\util\toolchain;
+namespace SPC\toolchain;
 
 interface ToolchainInterface
 {
     /**
      * Initialize the environment for the given target.
      */
-    public function initEnv(string $target): void;
+    public function initEnv(): void;
 
     /**
      * Perform actions after the environment has been initialized for the given target.
      */
-    public function afterInit(string $target): void;
+    public function afterInit(): void;
 }
diff --git a/src/SPC/toolchain/ToolchainManager.php b/src/SPC/toolchain/ToolchainManager.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..76807bf2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/SPC/toolchain/ToolchainManager.php
@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+namespace SPC\toolchain;
+
+use SPC\builder\linux\SystemUtil;
+use SPC\exception\WrongUsageException;
+use SPC\util\GlobalEnvManager;
+
+class ToolchainManager
+{
+    public const array OS_DEFAULT_TOOLCHAIN = [
+        'Linux' => MuslToolchain::class, // use musl toolchain by default, after zig pr merged, change this to ZigToolchain::class
+        'Windows' => MSVCToolchain::class,
+        'Darwin' => ClangNativeToolchain::class,
+        'BSD' => ClangNativeToolchain::class,
+    ];
+
+    /**
+     * @throws WrongUsageException
+     */
+    public static function initToolchain(): void
+    {
+        $libc = getenv('SPC_LIBC');
+        if ($libc !== false) {
+            // uncomment this when zig pr is merged
+            // logger()->warning('SPC_LIBC is deprecated, please use SPC_TARGET instead.');
+            $toolchain = match ($libc) {
+                'musl' => SystemUtil::isMuslDist() ? GccNativeToolchain::class : MuslToolchain::class,
+                'glibc' => !SystemUtil::isMuslDist() ? GccNativeToolchain::class : throw new WrongUsageException('SPC_TARGET must be musl-static or musl for musl dist.'),
+                default => throw new WrongUsageException('Unsupported SPC_LIBC value: ' . $libc),
+            };
+        } else {
+            $toolchain = self::OS_DEFAULT_TOOLCHAIN[PHP_OS_FAMILY];
+        }
+        $toolchainClass = $toolchain;
+        /* @var ToolchainInterface $toolchainClass */
+        (new $toolchainClass())->initEnv();
+        GlobalEnvManager::putenv("SPC_TOOLCHAIN={$toolchain}");
+    }
+
+    public static function afterInitToolchain(): void
+    {
+        if (!getenv('SPC_TOOLCHAIN')) {
+            throw new WrongUsageException('SPC_TOOLCHAIN not set');
+        }
+        $toolchain = getenv('SPC_TOOLCHAIN');
+        /* @var ToolchainInterface $toolchain */
+        (new $toolchain())->afterInit();
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/SPC/toolchain/ZigToolchain.php b/src/SPC/toolchain/ZigToolchain.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3922fecb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/SPC/toolchain/ZigToolchain.php
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+namespace SPC\toolchain;
+
+class ZigToolchain implements ToolchainInterface
+{
+    public function initEnv(): void {}
+
+    public function afterInit(): void {}
+}
diff --git a/src/SPC/util/GlobalEnvManager.php b/src/SPC/util/GlobalEnvManager.php
index a6fe2987..6214476b 100644
--- a/src/SPC/util/GlobalEnvManager.php
+++ b/src/SPC/util/GlobalEnvManager.php
@@ -4,9 +4,9 @@ declare(strict_types=1);
 
 namespace SPC\util;
 
-use SPC\builder\linux\SystemUtil;
 use SPC\exception\RuntimeException;
 use SPC\exception\WrongUsageException;
+use SPC\toolchain\ToolchainManager;
 
 /**
  * Environment variable manager
@@ -63,30 +63,7 @@ class GlobalEnvManager
             }
         }
 
-        // deprecated: convert SPC_LIBC to SPC_TARGET
-        if (getenv('SPC_LIBC') !== false) {
-            logger()->warning('SPC_LIBC is deprecated, please use SPC_TARGET instead.');
-            $target = match (getenv('SPC_LIBC')) {
-                'musl' => SPCTarget::MUSL_STATIC,
-                'musl-shared' => SPCTarget::MUSL,
-                'glibc' => SPCTarget::GLIBC,
-                default => throw new WrongUsageException('Unsupported SPC_LIBC value: ' . getenv('SPC_LIBC')),
-            };
-            self::putenv("SPC_TARGET={$target}");
-            self::putenv('SPC_LIBC');
-        }
-
-        // auto-select toolchain based on target and OS temporarily
-        // TODO: use 'zig' instead of 'gcc-native' when ZigToolchain is implemented
-        $toolchain = match (SPCTarget::getTargetName()) {
-            SPCTarget::MUSL_STATIC, SPCTarget::MUSL => SystemUtil::isMuslDist() ? 'gcc-native' : 'musl',
-            SPCTarget::MACHO => 'clang-native',
-            SPCTarget::MSVC_STATIC => 'msvc',
-            SPCTarget::GLIBC => !SystemUtil::isMuslDist() ? 'gcc-native' : throw new WrongUsageException('SPC_TARGET must be musl-static or musl for musl dist.'),
-            default => throw new WrongUsageException('Unknown SPC_TARGET: ' . getenv('SPC_TARGET')),
-        };
-
-        SPCTarget::initTargetForToolchain($toolchain);
+        ToolchainManager::initToolchain();
 
         // apply second time
         $ini2 = self::readIniFile();
@@ -123,9 +100,15 @@ class GlobalEnvManager
         }
     }
 
+    /**
+     * Initialize the toolchain after the environment variables are set.
+     * The toolchain or environment availability check is done here.
+     *
+     * @throws WrongUsageException
+     */
     public static function afterInit(): void
     {
-        SPCTarget::afterInitTargetForToolchain();
+        ToolchainManager::afterInitToolchain();
     }
 
     /**
diff --git a/src/SPC/util/SPCConfigUtil.php b/src/SPC/util/SPCConfigUtil.php
index 9335e88d..fec3c089 100644
--- a/src/SPC/util/SPCConfigUtil.php
+++ b/src/SPC/util/SPCConfigUtil.php
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ class SPCConfigUtil
         ob_get_clean();
         $ldflags = $this->getLdflagsString();
         $libs = $this->getLibsString($libraries, $with_dependencies);
-        if (SPCTarget::isTarget(SPCTarget::MACHO)) {
+        if (SPCTarget::getTargetOS() === 'Darwin') {
             $libs .= " {$this->getFrameworksString($extensions)}";
         }
         $cflags = $this->getIncludesString();
diff --git a/src/SPC/util/SPCTarget.php b/src/SPC/util/SPCTarget.php
index 265c3d51..5f091a8e 100644
--- a/src/SPC/util/SPCTarget.php
+++ b/src/SPC/util/SPCTarget.php
@@ -4,13 +4,8 @@ declare(strict_types=1);
 
 namespace SPC\util;
 
+use SPC\builder\linux\SystemUtil;
 use SPC\exception\WrongUsageException;
-use SPC\util\toolchain\ClangNativeToolchain;
-use SPC\util\toolchain\GccNativeToolchain;
-use SPC\util\toolchain\MSVCToolchain;
-use SPC\util\toolchain\MuslToolchain;
-use SPC\util\toolchain\ToolchainInterface;
-use SPC\util\toolchain\ZigToolchain;
 
 /**
  * SPC build target constants and toolchain initialization.
@@ -18,86 +13,75 @@ use SPC\util\toolchain\ZigToolchain;
  */
 class SPCTarget
 {
-    public const MUSL = 'musl';
-
-    public const MUSL_STATIC = 'musl-static';
-
-    public const GLIBC = 'glibc';
-
-    public const MACHO = 'macho';
-
-    public const MSVC_STATIC = 'msvc-static';
-
-    public const TOOLCHAIN_LIST = [
-        'musl' => MuslToolchain::class,
-        'gcc-native' => GccNativeToolchain::class,
-        'clang-native' => ClangNativeToolchain::class,
-        'msvc' => MSVCToolchain::class,
-        'zig' => ZigToolchain::class,
+    public const array LIBC_LIST = [
+        'musl',
+        'glibc',
     ];
 
-    public static function isTarget(string $target): bool
-    {
-        $env = getenv('SPC_TARGET');
-        if ($env === false) {
-            return false;
-        }
-        $env = strtolower($env);
-        // ver
-        $env = explode('@', $env)[0];
-        return $env === $target;
-    }
-
+    /**
+     * Returns whether the target is a full-static target.
+     */
     public static function isStaticTarget(): bool
     {
         $env = getenv('SPC_TARGET');
-        if ($env === false) {
-            return false;
+        $libc = getenv('SPC_LIBC');
+        // if SPC_LIBC is set, it means the target is static, remove it when 3.0 is released
+        if ($libc === 'musl') {
+            return true;
         }
-        $env = strtolower($env);
-        // ver
-        $env = explode('@', $env)[0];
-        return str_ends_with($env, '-static');
+        // TODO: add zig target parser here
+        return false;
     }
 
-    public static function initTargetForToolchain(string $toolchain): void
+    /**
+     * Returns the libc type if set, for other OS, it will always return null.
+     */
+    public static function getLibc(): ?string
+    {
+        $env = getenv('SPC_TARGET');
+        $libc = getenv('SPC_LIBC');
+        if ($libc !== false) {
+            return $libc;
+        }
+        // TODO: zig target parser
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the libc version if set, for other OS, it will always return null.
+     */
+    public static function getLibcVersion(): ?string
+    {
+        $env = getenv('SPC_TARGET');
+        $libc = getenv('SPC_LIBC');
+        if ($libc !== false) {
+            // legacy method: get a version from system
+            return SystemUtil::getLibcVersionIfExists($libc);
+        }
+        // TODO: zig target parser
+
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the target OS family, e.g. Linux, Darwin, Windows, BSD.
+     * Currently, we only support native building.
+     *
+     * @return 'BSD'|'Darwin'|'Linux'|'Windows'
+     * @throws WrongUsageException
+     */
+    public static function getTargetOS(): string
     {
         $target = getenv('SPC_TARGET');
-        $toolchain = strtolower($toolchain);
-        if (isset(self::TOOLCHAIN_LIST[$toolchain])) {
-            $toolchainClass = self::TOOLCHAIN_LIST[$toolchain];
-            /* @var ToolchainInterface $toolchainClass */
-            (new $toolchainClass())->initEnv($target);
+        if ($target === false) {
+            return PHP_OS_FAMILY;
         }
-        GlobalEnvManager::putenv("SPC_TOOLCHAIN={$toolchain}");
-    }
-
-    public static function afterInitTargetForToolchain()
-    {
-        if (!getenv('SPC_TOOLCHAIN')) {
-            throw new WrongUsageException('SPC_TOOLCHAIN not set');
-        }
-        $toolchain = getenv('SPC_TOOLCHAIN');
-        if (!isset(self::TOOLCHAIN_LIST[$toolchain])) {
-            throw new WrongUsageException("Unknown toolchain: {$toolchain}");
-        }
-        $toolchainClass = self::TOOLCHAIN_LIST[$toolchain];
-        (new $toolchainClass())->afterInit(getenv('SPC_TARGET'));
-    }
-
-    public static function getTargetName(): ?string
-    {
-        $target = getenv('SPC_TARGET');
-        $target = strtolower($target);
-        // ver
-        return explode('@', $target)[0];
-    }
-
-    public static function getTargetSuffix(): ?string
-    {
-        $target = getenv('SPC_TARGET');
-        $target = strtolower($target);
-        // ver
-        return explode('@', $target)[1] ?? null;
+        // TODO: zig target parser like below?
+        return match (true) {
+            str_contains($target, 'linux') => 'Linux',
+            str_contains($target, 'macos') => 'Darwin',
+            str_contains($target, 'windows') => 'Windows',
+            default => throw new WrongUsageException('Cannot parse target.'),
+        };
     }
 }
diff --git a/src/SPC/util/toolchain/MSVCToolchain.php b/src/SPC/util/toolchain/MSVCToolchain.php
deleted file mode 100644
index 2ec8111c..00000000
--- a/src/SPC/util/toolchain/MSVCToolchain.php
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,12 +0,0 @@
-<?php
-
-declare(strict_types=1);
-
-namespace SPC\util\toolchain;
-
-class MSVCToolchain implements ToolchainInterface
-{
-    public function initEnv(string $target): void {}
-
-    public function afterInit(string $target): void {}
-}
diff --git a/src/SPC/util/toolchain/ZigToolchain.php b/src/SPC/util/toolchain/ZigToolchain.php
deleted file mode 100644
index 0a620a36..00000000
--- a/src/SPC/util/toolchain/ZigToolchain.php
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,18 +0,0 @@
-<?php
-
-declare(strict_types=1);
-
-namespace SPC\util\toolchain;
-
-class ZigToolchain implements ToolchainInterface
-{
-    public function initEnv(string $target): void
-    {
-        // TODO: Implement zig
-    }
-
-    public function afterInit(string $target): void
-    {
-        // TODO: Implement afterInit() method.
-    }
-}