diff --git a/src/SPC/exception/BuildFailureException.php b/src/SPC/exception/BuildFailureException.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f2509e61
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/SPC/exception/BuildFailureException.php
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+namespace SPC\exception;
+
+/**
+ * BuildFailureException is thrown when a build process failed with other reasons.
+ *
+ * This exception indicates that the build operation did not complete successfully,
+ * which may be due to various reasons such as missing built-files, incorrect configurations, etc.
+ */
+class BuildFailureException extends SPCException {}
diff --git a/src/SPC/exception/DownloaderException.php b/src/SPC/exception/DownloaderException.php
index a2faec9d..b30859d7 100644
--- a/src/SPC/exception/DownloaderException.php
+++ b/src/SPC/exception/DownloaderException.php
@@ -4,4 +4,10 @@ declare(strict_types=1);
 
 namespace SPC\exception;
 
-class DownloaderException extends \Exception {}
+/**
+ * Exception thrown when an error occurs during the downloading process.
+ *
+ * This exception is used to indicate that a download operation has failed,
+ * typically due to network issues, invalid URLs, or other related problems.
+ */
+class DownloaderException extends SPCException {}
diff --git a/src/SPC/exception/EnvironmentException.php b/src/SPC/exception/EnvironmentException.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..aa5a8f9b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/SPC/exception/EnvironmentException.php
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+namespace SPC\exception;
+
+/**
+ * EnvironmentException is thrown when there is an issue with the environment setup,
+ * such as missing dependencies or incorrect configurations.
+ */
+class EnvironmentException extends SPCException
+{
+    public function __construct(string $message, private readonly ?string $solution = null)
+    {
+        parent::__construct($message);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the solution for the environment issue.
+     */
+    public function getSolution(): ?string
+    {
+        return $this->solution;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/SPC/exception/ExecutionException.php b/src/SPC/exception/ExecutionException.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6a4d1b9d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/SPC/exception/ExecutionException.php
@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+namespace SPC\exception;
+
+use SPC\util\shell\UnixShell;
+use SPC\util\shell\WindowsCmd;
+
+/**
+ * Exception thrown when an error occurs during execution of shell command.
+ *
+ * This exception is used to indicate that a command executed by the SPC framework
+ * has failed, typically due to an error in the command itself or an issue with the environment
+ * in which it was executed.
+ */
+class ExecutionException extends SPCException
+{
+    public function __construct(
+        private readonly string|UnixShell|WindowsCmd $cmd,
+        $message = '',
+        $code = 0,
+        private readonly ?string $cd = null,
+        private readonly array $env = [],
+        ?\Exception $previous = null
+    ) {
+        parent::__construct($message, $code, $previous);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the command that caused the execution error.
+     *
+     * @return string the command that was executed when the error occurred
+     */
+    public function getExecutionCommand(): string
+    {
+        if ($this->cmd instanceof UnixShell || $this->cmd instanceof WindowsCmd) {
+            return $this->cmd->getLastCommand();
+        }
+        return $this->cmd;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the directory in which the command was executed.
+     */
+    public function getCd(): ?string
+    {
+        return $this->cd;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the environment variables that were set during the command execution.
+     */
+    public function getEnv(): array
+    {
+        return $this->env;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/SPC/exception/FileSystemException.php b/src/SPC/exception/FileSystemException.php
index d27e22af..2fa3e916 100644
--- a/src/SPC/exception/FileSystemException.php
+++ b/src/SPC/exception/FileSystemException.php
@@ -4,4 +4,4 @@ declare(strict_types=1);
 
 namespace SPC\exception;
 
-class FileSystemException extends \Exception {}
+class FileSystemException extends SPCException {}
diff --git a/src/SPC/exception/InterruptException.php b/src/SPC/exception/InterruptException.php
index b004f47f..468403d7 100644
--- a/src/SPC/exception/InterruptException.php
+++ b/src/SPC/exception/InterruptException.php
@@ -4,4 +4,7 @@ declare(strict_types=1);
 
 namespace SPC\exception;
 
-class InterruptException extends \Exception {}
+/**
+ * Exception caused by manual intervention.
+ */
+class InterruptException extends SPCException {}
diff --git a/src/SPC/exception/InvalidArgumentException.php b/src/SPC/exception/InvalidArgumentException.php
deleted file mode 100644
index 16db5524..00000000
--- a/src/SPC/exception/InvalidArgumentException.php
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,7 +0,0 @@
-<?php
-
-declare(strict_types=1);
-
-namespace SPC\exception;
-
-class InvalidArgumentException extends \Exception {}
diff --git a/src/SPC/exception/PatchException.php b/src/SPC/exception/PatchException.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..1b210754
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/SPC/exception/PatchException.php
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+namespace SPC\exception;
+
+/**
+ * PatchException is thrown when there is an issue applying a patch,
+ * such as a failure in the patch process or conflicts during patching.
+ */
+class PatchException extends SPCException
+{
+    public function __construct(private readonly string $patch_module, $message, $code = 0, ?\Exception $previous = null)
+    {
+        parent::__construct($message, $code, $previous);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the name of the patch module that caused the exception.
+     */
+    public function getPatchModule(): string
+    {
+        return $this->patch_module;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/SPC/exception/RuntimeException.php b/src/SPC/exception/RuntimeException.php
deleted file mode 100644
index 2d96acb9..00000000
--- a/src/SPC/exception/RuntimeException.php
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,7 +0,0 @@
-<?php
-
-declare(strict_types=1);
-
-namespace SPC\exception;
-
-class RuntimeException extends \Exception {}
diff --git a/src/SPC/exception/SPCException.php b/src/SPC/exception/SPCException.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..95fee7d7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/SPC/exception/SPCException.php
@@ -0,0 +1,176 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+namespace SPC\exception;
+
+use SPC\builder\BuilderBase;
+use SPC\builder\freebsd\BSDBuilder;
+use SPC\builder\freebsd\library\BSDLibraryBase;
+use SPC\builder\LibraryBase;
+use SPC\builder\linux\library\LinuxLibraryBase;
+use SPC\builder\linux\LinuxBuilder;
+use SPC\builder\macos\library\MacOSLibraryBase;
+use SPC\builder\macos\MacOSBuilder;
+use SPC\builder\windows\library\WindowsLibraryBase;
+use SPC\builder\windows\WindowsBuilder;
+
+/**
+ * Base class for SPC exceptions.
+ *
+ * This class serves as the base for all exceptions thrown by the SPC framework.
+ * It extends the built-in PHP Exception class, allowing for custom exception handling
+ * and categorization of SPC-related errors.
+ */
+abstract class SPCException extends \Exception
+{
+    private static ?array $build_php_extra_info = null;
+
+    private ?array $library_info = null;
+
+    private ?array $extension_info = null;
+
+    private ?array $build_php_info = null;
+
+    private array $extra_log_files = [];
+
+    public function __construct(string $message = '', int $code = 0, ?\Throwable $previous = null)
+    {
+        parent::__construct($message, $code, $previous);
+        $this->loadStackTraceInfo();
+    }
+
+    public static function bindBuildPHPExtraInfo(array $indent_texts): void
+    {
+        self::$build_php_extra_info = $indent_texts;
+    }
+
+    public function bindExtensionInfo(array $extension_info): void
+    {
+        $this->extension_info = $extension_info;
+    }
+
+    public function addExtraLogFile(string $key, string $filename): void
+    {
+        $this->extra_log_files[$key] = $filename;
+    }
+
+    public function getBuildPHPExtraInfo(): ?array
+    {
+        return self::$build_php_extra_info;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns an array containing information about the SPC module.
+     *
+     * This method can be overridden by subclasses to provide specific module information.
+     *
+     * @return null|array{
+     *     library_name: string,
+     *     library_class: string,
+     *     os: string,
+     *     file: null|string,
+     *     line: null|int,
+     * } an array containing module information
+     */
+    public function getLibraryInfo(): ?array
+    {
+        return $this->library_info;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns an array containing information about the PHP build process.
+     *
+     * @return null|array{
+     *     builder_class: string,
+     *     os: string,
+     *     file: null|string,
+     *     line: null|int,
+     * } an array containing PHP build information
+     */
+    public function getBuildPHPInfo(): ?array
+    {
+        return $this->build_php_info;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns an array containing information about the SPC extension.
+     *
+     * This method can be overridden by subclasses to provide specific extension information.
+     *
+     * @return null|array{
+     *     extension_name: string,
+     *     extension_class: string,
+     *     file: null|string,
+     *     line: null|int,
+     * } an array containing extension information
+     */
+    public function getExtensionInfo(): ?array
+    {
+        return $this->extension_info;
+    }
+
+    public function getExtraLogFiles(): array
+    {
+        return $this->extra_log_files;
+    }
+
+    private function loadStackTraceInfo(): void
+    {
+        $trace = $this->getTrace();
+        foreach ($trace as $frame) {
+            if (!isset($frame['class'])) {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            // Check if the class is a subclass of LibraryBase
+            if (!$this->library_info && is_subclass_of($frame['class'], LibraryBase::class)) {
+                try {
+                    $reflection = new \ReflectionClass($frame['class']);
+                    if ($reflection->hasConstant('NAME')) {
+                        $name = $reflection->getConstant('NAME');
+                        if ($name !== 'unknown') {
+                            $this->library_info = [
+                                'library_name' => $name,
+                                'library_class' => $frame['class'],
+                                'os' => match (true) {
+                                    is_a($frame['class'], BSDLibraryBase::class, true) => 'BSD',
+                                    is_a($frame['class'], LinuxLibraryBase::class, true) => 'Linux',
+                                    is_a($frame['class'], MacOSLibraryBase::class, true) => 'macOS',
+                                    is_a($frame['class'], WindowsLibraryBase::class, true) => 'Windows',
+                                    default => 'Unknown',
+                                },
+                                'file' => $frame['file'] ?? null,
+                                'line' => $frame['line'] ?? null,
+                            ];
+                            continue;
+                        }
+                    }
+                } catch (\ReflectionException) {
+                    continue;
+                }
+            }
+
+            // Check if the class is a subclass of BuilderBase and the method is buildPHP
+            if (!$this->build_php_info && is_subclass_of($frame['class'], BuilderBase::class) && $frame['function'] === 'buildPHP') {
+                $reflection = new \ReflectionClass($frame['class']);
+                if ($reflection->hasProperty('options')) {
+                    $options = $reflection->getProperty('options')->getValue();
+                }
+                $this->build_php_info = [
+                    'builder_class' => $frame['class'],
+                    'builder_options' => $options ?? [],
+                    'os' => match (true) {
+                        is_a($frame['class'], BSDBuilder::class, true) => 'BSD',
+                        is_a($frame['class'], LinuxBuilder::class, true) => 'Linux',
+                        is_a($frame['class'], MacOSBuilder::class, true) => 'macOS',
+                        is_a($frame['class'], WindowsBuilder::class, true) => 'Windows',
+                        default => 'Unknown',
+                    },
+                    'file' => $frame['file'] ?? null,
+                    'line' => $frame['line'] ?? null,
+                ];
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/SPC/exception/SPCInternalException.php b/src/SPC/exception/SPCInternalException.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f0d75d4a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/SPC/exception/SPCInternalException.php
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+namespace SPC\exception;
+
+/**
+ * Exception for internal errors or vendor wrong usage in SPC.
+ *
+ * This exception is thrown when an unexpected internal error or vendor wrong usage occurs within the SPC framework.
+ */
+class SPCInternalException extends SPCException {}
diff --git a/src/SPC/exception/ValidationException.php b/src/SPC/exception/ValidationException.php
index 08e7b4b9..3af44303 100644
--- a/src/SPC/exception/ValidationException.php
+++ b/src/SPC/exception/ValidationException.php
@@ -4,4 +4,58 @@ declare(strict_types=1);
 
 namespace SPC\exception;
 
-class ValidationException extends \Exception {}
+use SPC\builder\Extension;
+
+/**
+ * Exception thrown for validation errors in SPC.
+ *
+ * This exception is used to indicate that a validation error has occurred,
+ * typically when input data does not meet the required criteria.
+ */
+class ValidationException extends SPCException
+{
+    private null|array|string $validation_module = null;
+
+    public function __construct(string $message = '', int $code = 0, ?\Throwable $previous = null, null|array|string $validation_module = null)
+    {
+        parent::__construct($message, $code, $previous);
+
+        // init validation module
+        if ($validation_module === null) {
+            foreach ($this->getTrace() as $trace) {
+                // Extension validate() => "Extension validator"
+                if (is_a($trace['class'] ?? null, Extension::class, true) && $trace['function'] === 'validate') {
+                    $this->validation_module = 'Extension validator';
+                    break;
+                }
+
+                // Other => "ClassName::functionName"
+                $this->validation_module = [
+                    'class' => $trace['class'] ?? null,
+                    'function' => $trace['function'],
+                ];
+                break;
+            }
+        } else {
+            $this->validation_module = $validation_module;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the validation module string.
+     */
+    public function getValidationModuleString(): string
+    {
+        if ($this->validation_module === null) {
+            return 'Unknown';
+        }
+        if (is_string($this->validation_module)) {
+            return $this->validation_module;
+        }
+        $str = $this->validation_module['class'] ?? null;
+        if ($str !== null) {
+            $str .= '::';
+        }
+        return ($str ?? '') . $this->validation_module['function'];
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/SPC/exception/WrongUsageException.php b/src/SPC/exception/WrongUsageException.php
index fa23c1f8..77c93aff 100644
--- a/src/SPC/exception/WrongUsageException.php
+++ b/src/SPC/exception/WrongUsageException.php
@@ -4,4 +4,10 @@ declare(strict_types=1);
 
 namespace SPC\exception;
 
-class WrongUsageException extends \Exception {}
+/**
+ * Exception thrown for incorrect usage of SPC.
+ *
+ * This exception is used to indicate that the SPC is being used incorrectly.
+ * Such as when a command is not supported or an invalid argument is provided.
+ */
+class WrongUsageException extends SPCException {}