diff --git a/src/ZM/Container/Container.php b/src/ZM/Container/Container.php
index 3ab833ca..3bbf4922 100644
--- a/src/ZM/Container/Container.php
+++ b/src/ZM/Container/Container.php
@@ -4,19 +4,13 @@ declare(strict_types=1);
 
 namespace ZM\Container;
 
-class Container extends WorkerContainer
-{
-    /**
-     * 父容器
-     *
-     * @var ContainerInterface
-     */
-    protected $parent;
+use ZM\Utils\SingletonTrait;
 
-    public function __construct()
-    {
-        parent::__construct();
-        $this->parent = WorkerContainer::getInstance();
+class Container implements ContainerInterface
+{
+    use SingletonTrait;
+    use ContainerTrait {
+        make as protected traitMake;
     }
 
     /**
@@ -24,7 +18,7 @@ class Container extends WorkerContainer
      */
     public function getParent(): ContainerInterface
     {
-        return $this->parent;
+        return WorkerContainer::getInstance();
     }
 
     /**
@@ -38,7 +32,7 @@ class Container extends WorkerContainer
      */
     public function has(string $id): bool
     {
-        return $this->bound($id) || $this->parent->has($id);
+        return $this->bound($id) || $this->getParent()->has($id);
     }
 
     /**
@@ -57,19 +51,11 @@ class Container extends WorkerContainer
         }
 
         // 此类没有，父类有，则从父类中获取
-        if (!$this->bound($abstract) && $this->parent->bound($abstract)) {
-            return $this->parent->make($abstract, $parameters);
+        if (!$this->bound($abstract) && $this->getParent()->bound($abstract)) {
+            $this->log("{$abstract} is not bound, but in parent container, using parent container");
+            return $this->getParent()->make($abstract, $parameters);
         }
 
-        return parent::make($abstract, $parameters);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * 清除所有绑定和实例
-     */
-    public function flush(): void
-    {
-        parent::flush();
-        $this->parent->flush();
+        return $this->traitMake($abstract, $parameters);
     }
 }
diff --git a/src/ZM/Container/ContainerTrait.php b/src/ZM/Container/ContainerTrait.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d654dc32
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/ZM/Container/ContainerTrait.php
@@ -0,0 +1,736 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+namespace ZM\Container;
+
+use Closure;
+use Exception;
+use InvalidArgumentException;
+use Psr\Container\ContainerExceptionInterface;
+use Psr\Container\NotFoundExceptionInterface;
+use ReflectionClass;
+use ReflectionException;
+use ReflectionNamedType;
+use ReflectionParameter;
+use ZM\Console\Console;
+use ZM\Utils\ReflectionUtil;
+
+trait ContainerTrait
+{
+    /**
+     * @var array
+     */
+    protected $shared = [];
+
+    /**
+     * @var array[]
+     */
+    protected $build_stack = [];
+
+    /**
+     * @var array[]
+     */
+    protected $with = [];
+
+    /**
+     * 日志前缀
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $log_prefix;
+
+    /**
+     * @var array[]
+     */
+    private static $bindings = [];
+
+    /**
+     * @var object[]
+     */
+    private static $instances = [];
+
+    /**
+     * @var string[]
+     */
+    private static $aliases = [];
+
+    /**
+     * @var Closure[][]
+     */
+    private static $extenders = [];
+
+    public function __construct()
+    {
+        if ($this->shouldLog()) {
+            $this->log('Container created');
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 判断对应的类或接口是否已经注册
+     *
+     * @param string $abstract 类或接口名
+     */
+    public function bound(string $abstract): bool
+    {
+        return array_key_exists($abstract, self::$bindings)
+            || array_key_exists($abstract, self::$instances)
+            || array_key_exists($abstract, $this->shared)
+            || $this->isAlias($abstract);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 获取类别名（如存在）
+     *
+     * @param  string $abstract 类或接口名
+     * @return string 别名，不存在时返回传入的类或接口名
+     */
+    public function getAlias(string $abstract): string
+    {
+        if (!isset(self::$aliases[$abstract])) {
+            return $abstract;
+        }
+
+        return $this->getAlias(self::$aliases[$abstract]);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 注册一个类别名
+     *
+     * @param string $abstract 类或接口名
+     * @param string $alias    别名
+     */
+    public function alias(string $abstract, string $alias): void
+    {
+        if ($alias === $abstract) {
+            throw new InvalidArgumentException("[{$abstract}] is same as [{$alias}]");
+        }
+
+        self::$aliases[$alias] = $abstract;
+
+        if ($this->shouldLog()) {
+            $this->log("[{$abstract}] is aliased as [{$alias}]");
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 注册绑定
+     *
+     * @param string              $abstract 类或接口名
+     * @param null|Closure|string $concrete 返回类实例的闭包，或是类名
+     * @param bool                $shared   是否共享
+     */
+    public function bind(string $abstract, $concrete = null, bool $shared = false): void
+    {
+        $this->dropStaleInstances($abstract);
+
+        // 如果没有提供闭包，则默认为自动解析类名
+        if (is_null($concrete)) {
+            $concrete = $abstract;
+        }
+
+        $concrete_name = '';
+        if ($this->shouldLog()) {
+            $concrete_name = ReflectionUtil::variableToString($concrete);
+        }
+
+        // 如果不是闭包，则认为是类名，此时将其包装在一个闭包中，以方便后续处理
+        if (!$concrete instanceof Closure) {
+            $concrete = $this->getClosure($abstract, $concrete);
+        }
+
+        self::$bindings[$abstract] = compact('concrete', 'shared');
+
+        if ($this->shouldLog()) {
+            $this->log("[{$abstract}] is bound to [{$concrete_name}]" . ($shared ? ' (shared)' : ''));
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 注册绑定
+     *
+     * 在已经绑定时不会重复注册
+     *
+     * @param string              $abstract 类或接口名
+     * @param null|Closure|string $concrete 返回类实例的闭包，或是类名
+     * @param bool                $shared   是否共享
+     */
+    public function bindIf(string $abstract, $concrete = null, bool $shared = false): void
+    {
+        if (!$this->bound($abstract)) {
+            $this->bind($abstract, $concrete, $shared);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 注册一个单例绑定
+     *
+     * @param string              $abstract 类或接口名
+     * @param null|Closure|string $concrete 返回类实例的闭包，或是类名
+     */
+    public function singleton(string $abstract, $concrete = null): void
+    {
+        $this->bind($abstract, $concrete, true);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 注册一个单例绑定
+     *
+     * 在已经绑定时不会重复注册
+     *
+     * @param string              $abstract 类或接口名
+     * @param null|Closure|string $concrete 返回类实例的闭包，或是类名
+     */
+    public function singletonIf(string $abstract, $concrete = null): void
+    {
+        if (!$this->bound($abstract)) {
+            $this->singleton($abstract, $concrete);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 注册一个已有的实例，效果等同于单例绑定
+     *
+     * @param  string $abstract 类或接口名
+     * @param  mixed  $instance 实例
+     * @return mixed
+     */
+    public function instance(string $abstract, $instance)
+    {
+        if (isset(self::$instances[$abstract])) {
+            return self::$instances[$abstract];
+        }
+
+        self::$instances[$abstract] = $instance;
+
+        if ($this->shouldLog()) {
+            $class_name = ReflectionUtil::variableToString($instance);
+            $this->log("[{$abstract}] is bound to [{$class_name}] (instance)");
+        }
+
+        return $instance;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 获取一个解析对应类实例的闭包
+     *
+     * @param string $abstract 类或接口名
+     */
+    public function factory(string $abstract): Closure
+    {
+        return function () use ($abstract) {
+            return $this->make($abstract);
+        };
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 清除所有绑定和实例
+     */
+    public function flush(): void
+    {
+        self::$aliases = [];
+        self::$bindings = [];
+        self::$instances = [];
+
+        $this->shared = [];
+        $this->build_stack = [];
+        $this->with = [];
+
+        if ($this->shouldLog()) {
+            $this->log('Container flushed');
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 获取一个绑定的实例
+     *
+     * @template T
+     * @param  class-string<T>          $abstract   类或接口名
+     * @param  array                    $parameters 参数
+     * @throws EntryResolutionException
+     * @return Closure|mixed|T          实例
+     */
+    public function make(string $abstract, array $parameters = [])
+    {
+        $abstract = $this->getAlias($abstract);
+
+        $needs_contextual_build = !empty($parameters);
+
+        if (isset($this->shared[$abstract])) {
+            if ($this->shouldLog()) {
+                $this->log(sprintf(
+                    '[%s] resolved (shared)%s',
+                    $abstract,
+                    ($needs_contextual_build ? ' with ' . implode(', ', $parameters) : '')
+                ));
+            }
+            return $this->shared[$abstract];
+        }
+
+        // 如果已经存在在实例池中（通常意味着单例绑定），则直接返回该实例
+        if (isset(self::$instances[$abstract]) && !$needs_contextual_build) {
+            if ($this->shouldLog()) {
+                $this->log("[{$abstract}] resolved (instance)");
+            }
+            return self::$instances[$abstract];
+        }
+
+        $this->with[] = $parameters;
+
+        $concrete = $this->getConcrete($abstract);
+
+        // 构造该类的实例，并递归解析所有依赖
+        if ($this->isBuildable($concrete, $abstract)) {
+            $object = $this->build($concrete);
+        } else {
+            $object = $this->make($concrete);
+        }
+
+        // 如果该类存在扩展器（装饰器），则逐个应用到实例
+        foreach ($this->getExtenders($abstract) as $extender) {
+            $object = $extender($object, $this);
+        }
+
+        // 如果该类被注册为单例，则需要将其存放在实例池中，方便后续取用同一实例
+        if (!$needs_contextual_build && $this->isShared($abstract)) {
+            $this->shared[$abstract] = $object;
+            if ($this->shouldLog()) {
+                $this->log("[{$abstract}] added to shared pool");
+            }
+        }
+
+        // 弹出本次构造的覆盖参数
+        array_pop($this->with);
+
+        if ($this->shouldLog()) {
+            $this->log(sprintf(
+                '[%s] resolved%s',
+                $abstract,
+                ($needs_contextual_build ? ' with ' . implode(', ', $parameters) : '')
+            ));
+        }
+
+        return $object;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 实例化具体的类实例
+     *
+     * @param  Closure|string           $concrete 类名或对应的闭包
+     * @throws EntryResolutionException
+     * @return mixed
+     */
+    public function build($concrete)
+    {
+        // 如果传入的是闭包，则直接执行并返回
+        if ($concrete instanceof Closure) {
+            return $concrete($this, $this->getLastParameterOverride());
+        }
+
+        try {
+            $reflection = new ReflectionClass($concrete);
+        } catch (ReflectionException $e) {
+            throw new EntryResolutionException("指定的类 {$concrete} 不存在", 0, $e);
+        }
+
+        if (!$reflection->isInstantiable()) {
+            $this->notInstantiable($concrete);
+        }
+
+        $this->build_stack[] = $concrete;
+
+        $constructor = $reflection->getConstructor();
+
+        // 如果不存在构造函数，则代表不需要进一步解析，直接实例化即可
+        if (is_null($constructor)) {
+            array_pop($this->build_stack);
+            return new $concrete();
+        }
+
+        $dependencies = $constructor->getParameters();
+
+        // 获取所有依赖的实例
+        try {
+            $instances = $this->resolveDependencies($dependencies);
+        } catch (EntryResolutionException $e) {
+            array_pop($this->build_stack);
+            throw $e;
+        }
+
+        array_pop($this->build_stack);
+
+        return $reflection->newInstanceArgs($instances);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 调用对应的方法，并自动注入依赖
+     *
+     * @param  callable|string $callback       对应的方法
+     * @param  array           $parameters     参数
+     * @param  null|string     $default_method 默认方法
+     * @return mixed
+     */
+    public function call($callback, array $parameters = [], string $default_method = null)
+    {
+        if ($this->shouldLog()) {
+            if (count($parameters)) {
+                $str_parameters = array_map([ReflectionUtil::class, 'variableToString'], $parameters);
+                $str_parameters = implode(', ', $str_parameters);
+            } else {
+                $str_parameters = '';
+            }
+            $this->log(sprintf(
+                'Called %s%s(%s)',
+                ReflectionUtil::variableToString($callback),
+                ($default_method ? '@' . $default_method : ''),
+                $str_parameters
+            ));
+        }
+        return BoundMethod::call($this, $callback, $parameters, $default_method);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Finds an entry of the container by its identifier and returns it.
+     *
+     * @param string $id identifier of the entry to look for
+     *
+     * @throws NotFoundExceptionInterface  no entry was found for **this** identifier
+     * @throws ContainerExceptionInterface error while retrieving the entry
+     *
+     * @return mixed entry
+     */
+    public function get(string $id)
+    {
+        try {
+            return $this->make($id);
+        } catch (Exception $e) {
+            if ($this->has($id)) {
+                throw new EntryResolutionException('', 0, $e);
+            }
+
+            throw new EntryNotFoundException('', 0, $e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns true if the container can return an entry for the given identifier.
+     * Returns false otherwise.
+     *
+     * `has($id)` returning true does not mean that `get($id)` will not throw an exception.
+     * It does however mean that `get($id)` will not throw a `NotFoundExceptionInterface`.
+     *
+     * @param string $id identifier of the entry to look for
+     */
+    public function has(string $id): bool
+    {
+        return $this->bound($id);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 扩展一个类或接口
+     *
+     * @param string  $abstract 类或接口名
+     * @param Closure $closure  扩展闭包
+     */
+    public function extend(string $abstract, Closure $closure): void
+    {
+        $abstract = $this->getAlias($abstract);
+
+        // 如果该类已经被解析过，则直接将扩展器应用到该类的实例上
+        // 否则，将扩展器存入扩展器池，等待解析
+        if (isset(self::$instances[$abstract])) {
+            self::$instances[$abstract] = $closure(self::$instances[$abstract], $this);
+        } else {
+            self::$extenders[$abstract][] = $closure;
+        }
+
+        if ($this->shouldLog()) {
+            $this->log("[{$abstract}] extended");
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 获取日志前缀
+     */
+    public function getLogPrefix(): string
+    {
+        return ($this->log_prefix ?: '[WorkerContainer(U)]') . ' ';
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 设置日志前缀
+     */
+    public function setLogPrefix(string $prefix): void
+    {
+        $this->log_prefix = $prefix;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 获取对应类型的所有扩展器
+     *
+     * @param  string    $abstract 类或接口名
+     * @return Closure[]
+     */
+    protected function getExtenders(string $abstract): array
+    {
+        $abstract = $this->getAlias($abstract);
+
+        return self::$extenders[$abstract] ?? [];
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 判断传入的是否为别名
+     */
+    protected function isAlias(string $name): bool
+    {
+        return array_key_exists($name, self::$aliases);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 抛弃所有过时的实例和别名
+     *
+     * @param string $abstract 类或接口名
+     */
+    protected function dropStaleInstances(string $abstract): void
+    {
+        unset(
+            self::$instances[$abstract],
+            self::$aliases[$abstract],
+            $this->shared[$abstract]
+        );
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 获取一个解析对应类的闭包
+     *
+     * @param string $abstract 类或接口名
+     * @param string $concrete 实际类名
+     */
+    protected function getClosure(string $abstract, string $concrete): Closure
+    {
+        return static function ($container, $parameters = []) use ($abstract, $concrete) {
+            $method = $abstract === $concrete ? 'build' : 'make';
+
+            return $container->{$method}($concrete, $parameters);
+        };
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 获取最后一次的覆盖参数
+     */
+    protected function getLastParameterOverride(): array
+    {
+        return $this->with[count($this->with) - 1] ?? [];
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 抛出实例化异常
+     *
+     * @throws EntryResolutionException
+     */
+    protected function notInstantiable(string $concrete, string $reason = ''): void
+    {
+        if (!empty($this->build_stack)) {
+            $previous = implode(', ', $this->build_stack);
+            $message = "类 {$concrete} 无法实例化，其被 {$previous} 依赖";
+        } else {
+            $message = "类 {$concrete} 无法实例化";
+        }
+
+        throw new EntryResolutionException("{$message}：{$reason}");
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 解析依赖
+     *
+     * @param  ReflectionParameter[]    $dependencies
+     * @throws EntryResolutionException
+     */
+    protected function resolveDependencies(array $dependencies): array
+    {
+        $results = [];
+
+        foreach ($dependencies as $dependency) {
+            // 如果此依赖存在覆盖参数，则使用覆盖参数
+            // 否则，将尝试解析参数
+            if ($this->hasParameterOverride($dependency)) {
+                $results[] = $this->getParameterOverride($dependency);
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            // 如果存在临时注入的依赖，则使用临时注入的依赖
+            if ($this->hasParameterTypeOverride($dependency)) {
+                $results[] = $this->getParameterTypeOverride($dependency);
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            // 如果类名为空，则代表此依赖是基本类型，且无法对其进行依赖解析
+            $class_name = ReflectionUtil::getParameterClassName($dependency);
+            $results[] = is_null($class_name)
+                ? $this->resolvePrimitive($dependency)
+                : $this->resolveClass($dependency);
+
+            if ($this->shouldLog()) {
+                if (is_null($class_name)) {
+                    if ($dependency->hasType()) {
+                        $class_name = $dependency->getType();
+                    } else {
+                        $class_name = 'Primitive';
+                    }
+                }
+                $this->log("Dependency [{$class_name} {$dependency->name}] resolved");
+            }
+        }
+
+        return $results;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 判断传入的参数是否存在覆盖参数
+     */
+    protected function hasParameterOverride(ReflectionParameter $parameter): bool
+    {
+        return array_key_exists($parameter->name, $this->getLastParameterOverride());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 获取覆盖参数
+     *
+     * @return mixed
+     */
+    protected function getParameterOverride(ReflectionParameter $parameter)
+    {
+        return $this->getLastParameterOverride()[$parameter->name];
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 判断传入的参数是否存在临时注入的参数
+     */
+    protected function hasParameterTypeOverride(ReflectionParameter $parameter): bool
+    {
+        if (!$parameter->hasType()) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        $type = $parameter->getType();
+
+        if (!$type instanceof ReflectionNamedType || $type->isBuiltin()) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        return array_key_exists($type->getName(), $this->getLastParameterOverride());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 获取临时注入的参数
+     *
+     * @return mixed
+     */
+    protected function getParameterTypeOverride(ReflectionParameter $parameter)
+    {
+        $type = $parameter->getType();
+
+        if (!$type instanceof ReflectionNamedType) {
+            return [];
+        }
+
+        return $this->getLastParameterOverride()[$type->getName()];
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 解析基本类型
+     *
+     * @throws EntryResolutionException 如参数不存在默认值，则抛出异常
+     * @return mixed                    对应类型的默认值
+     */
+    protected function resolvePrimitive(ReflectionParameter $parameter)
+    {
+        if ($parameter->isDefaultValueAvailable()) {
+            return $parameter->getDefaultValue();
+        }
+
+        throw new EntryResolutionException("无法解析类 {$parameter->getDeclaringClass()->getName()} 的参数 {$parameter}");
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 解析类
+     *
+     * @throws EntryResolutionException 如果无法解析类，则抛出异常
+     * @return mixed
+     */
+    protected function resolveClass(ReflectionParameter $parameter)
+    {
+        try {
+            // 尝试解析
+            return $this->make($parameter->getClass()->name);
+        } catch (EntryResolutionException $e) {
+            // 如果参数是可选的，则返回默认值
+            if ($parameter->isDefaultValueAvailable()) {
+                array_pop($this->with);
+                return $parameter->getDefaultValue();
+            }
+
+            if ($parameter->isVariadic()) {
+                array_pop($this->with);
+                return [];
+            }
+
+            throw $e;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 获取类名的实际类型
+     *
+     * @param  string         $abstract 类或接口名
+     * @return Closure|string
+     */
+    protected function getConcrete(string $abstract)
+    {
+        if (isset(self::$bindings[$abstract])) {
+            return self::$bindings[$abstract]['concrete'];
+        }
+
+        return $abstract;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 判断传入的实际类型是否可以构造
+     *
+     * @param mixed  $concrete 实际类型
+     * @param string $abstract 类或接口名
+     */
+    protected function isBuildable($concrete, string $abstract): bool
+    {
+        return $concrete === $abstract || $concrete instanceof Closure;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 判断传入的类型是否为共享实例
+     *
+     * @param string $abstract 类或接口名
+     */
+    protected function isShared(string $abstract): bool
+    {
+        return isset($this->instances[$abstract])
+            || (isset($this->bindings[$abstract]['shared'])
+                && $this->bindings[$abstract]['shared'] === true);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 判断是否输出日志
+     */
+    protected function shouldLog(): bool
+    {
+        return Console::getLevel() >= 4;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 记录日志（自动附加容器日志前缀）
+     */
+    protected function log(string $message): void
+    {
+        Console::debug($this->getLogPrefix() . $message);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/ZM/Container/WorkerContainer.php b/src/ZM/Container/WorkerContainer.php
index 6a37b447..b3bfd870 100644
--- a/src/ZM/Container/WorkerContainer.php
+++ b/src/ZM/Container/WorkerContainer.php
@@ -4,736 +4,10 @@ declare(strict_types=1);
 
 namespace ZM\Container;
 
-use Closure;
-use Exception;
-use InvalidArgumentException;
-use Psr\Container\ContainerExceptionInterface;
-use Psr\Container\NotFoundExceptionInterface;
-use ReflectionClass;
-use ReflectionException;
-use ReflectionNamedType;
-use ReflectionParameter;
-use ZM\Console\Console;
-use ZM\Utils\ReflectionUtil;
 use ZM\Utils\SingletonTrait;
 
 class WorkerContainer implements ContainerInterface
 {
     use SingletonTrait;
-
-    /**
-     * @var array
-     */
-    protected $shared = [];
-
-    /**
-     * @var array[]
-     */
-    protected $build_stack = [];
-
-    /**
-     * @var array[]
-     */
-    protected $with = [];
-
-    /**
-     * 日志前缀
-     *
-     * @var string
-     */
-    protected $log_prefix;
-
-    /**
-     * @var array[]
-     */
-    private static $bindings = [];
-
-    /**
-     * @var object[]
-     */
-    private static $instances = [];
-
-    /**
-     * @var string[]
-     */
-    private static $aliases = [];
-
-    /**
-     * @var Closure[][]
-     */
-    private static $extenders = [];
-
-    public function __construct()
-    {
-        if ($this->shouldLog()) {
-            $this->log('Container created');
-        }
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * 判断对应的类或接口是否已经注册
-     *
-     * @param string $abstract 类或接口名
-     */
-    public function bound(string $abstract): bool
-    {
-        return array_key_exists($abstract, self::$bindings)
-            || array_key_exists($abstract, self::$instances)
-            || array_key_exists($abstract, $this->shared)
-            || $this->isAlias($abstract);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * 获取类别名（如存在）
-     *
-     * @param  string $abstract 类或接口名
-     * @return string 别名，不存在时返回传入的类或接口名
-     */
-    public function getAlias(string $abstract): string
-    {
-        if (!isset(self::$aliases[$abstract])) {
-            return $abstract;
-        }
-
-        return $this->getAlias(self::$aliases[$abstract]);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * 注册一个类别名
-     *
-     * @param string $abstract 类或接口名
-     * @param string $alias    别名
-     */
-    public function alias(string $abstract, string $alias): void
-    {
-        if ($alias === $abstract) {
-            throw new InvalidArgumentException("[{$abstract}] is same as [{$alias}]");
-        }
-
-        self::$aliases[$alias] = $abstract;
-
-        if ($this->shouldLog()) {
-            $this->log("[{$abstract}] is aliased as [{$alias}]");
-        }
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * 注册绑定
-     *
-     * @param string              $abstract 类或接口名
-     * @param null|Closure|string $concrete 返回类实例的闭包，或是类名
-     * @param bool                $shared   是否共享
-     */
-    public function bind(string $abstract, $concrete = null, bool $shared = false): void
-    {
-        $this->dropStaleInstances($abstract);
-
-        // 如果没有提供闭包，则默认为自动解析类名
-        if (is_null($concrete)) {
-            $concrete = $abstract;
-        }
-
-        $concrete_name = '';
-        if ($this->shouldLog()) {
-            $concrete_name = ReflectionUtil::variableToString($concrete);
-        }
-
-        // 如果不是闭包，则认为是类名，此时将其包装在一个闭包中，以方便后续处理
-        if (!$concrete instanceof Closure) {
-            $concrete = $this->getClosure($abstract, $concrete);
-        }
-
-        self::$bindings[$abstract] = compact('concrete', 'shared');
-
-        if ($this->shouldLog()) {
-            $this->log("[{$abstract}] is bound to [{$concrete_name}]" . ($shared ? ' (shared)' : ''));
-        }
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * 注册绑定
-     *
-     * 在已经绑定时不会重复注册
-     *
-     * @param string              $abstract 类或接口名
-     * @param null|Closure|string $concrete 返回类实例的闭包，或是类名
-     * @param bool                $shared   是否共享
-     */
-    public function bindIf(string $abstract, $concrete = null, bool $shared = false): void
-    {
-        if (!$this->bound($abstract)) {
-            $this->bind($abstract, $concrete, $shared);
-        }
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * 注册一个单例绑定
-     *
-     * @param string              $abstract 类或接口名
-     * @param null|Closure|string $concrete 返回类实例的闭包，或是类名
-     */
-    public function singleton(string $abstract, $concrete = null): void
-    {
-        $this->bind($abstract, $concrete, true);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * 注册一个单例绑定
-     *
-     * 在已经绑定时不会重复注册
-     *
-     * @param string              $abstract 类或接口名
-     * @param null|Closure|string $concrete 返回类实例的闭包，或是类名
-     */
-    public function singletonIf(string $abstract, $concrete = null): void
-    {
-        if (!$this->bound($abstract)) {
-            $this->singleton($abstract, $concrete);
-        }
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * 注册一个已有的实例，效果等同于单例绑定
-     *
-     * @param  string $abstract 类或接口名
-     * @param  mixed  $instance 实例
-     * @return mixed
-     */
-    public function instance(string $abstract, $instance)
-    {
-        if (isset(self::$instances[$abstract])) {
-            return self::$instances[$abstract];
-        }
-
-        self::$instances[$abstract] = $instance;
-
-        if ($this->shouldLog()) {
-            $class_name = ReflectionUtil::variableToString($instance);
-            $this->log("[{$abstract}] is bound to [{$class_name}] (instance)");
-        }
-
-        return $instance;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * 获取一个解析对应类实例的闭包
-     *
-     * @param string $abstract 类或接口名
-     */
-    public function factory(string $abstract): Closure
-    {
-        return function () use ($abstract) {
-            return $this->make($abstract);
-        };
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * 清除所有绑定和实例
-     */
-    public function flush(): void
-    {
-        self::$aliases = [];
-        self::$bindings = [];
-        self::$instances = [];
-
-        $this->shared = [];
-        $this->build_stack = [];
-        $this->with = [];
-
-        if ($this->shouldLog()) {
-            $this->log('Container flushed');
-        }
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * 获取一个绑定的实例
-     *
-     * @template T
-     * @param  class-string<T>          $abstract   类或接口名
-     * @param  array                    $parameters 参数
-     * @throws EntryResolutionException
-     * @return Closure|mixed|T          实例
-     */
-    public function make(string $abstract, array $parameters = [])
-    {
-        $abstract = $this->getAlias($abstract);
-
-        $needs_contextual_build = !empty($parameters);
-
-        if (isset($this->shared[$abstract])) {
-            if ($this->shouldLog()) {
-                $this->log(sprintf(
-                    '[%s] resolved (shared)%s',
-                    $abstract,
-                    ($needs_contextual_build ? ' with ' . implode(', ', $parameters) : '')
-                ));
-            }
-            return $this->shared[$abstract];
-        }
-
-        // 如果已经存在在实例池中（通常意味着单例绑定），则直接返回该实例
-        if (isset(self::$instances[$abstract]) && !$needs_contextual_build) {
-            if ($this->shouldLog()) {
-                $this->log("[{$abstract}] resolved (instance)");
-            }
-            return self::$instances[$abstract];
-        }
-
-        $this->with[] = $parameters;
-
-        $concrete = $this->getConcrete($abstract);
-
-        // 构造该类的实例，并递归解析所有依赖
-        if ($this->isBuildable($concrete, $abstract)) {
-            $object = $this->build($concrete);
-        } else {
-            $object = $this->make($concrete);
-        }
-
-        // 如果该类存在扩展器（装饰器），则逐个应用到实例
-        foreach ($this->getExtenders($abstract) as $extender) {
-            $object = $extender($object, $this);
-        }
-
-        // 如果该类被注册为单例，则需要将其存放在实例池中，方便后续取用同一实例
-        if (!$needs_contextual_build && $this->isShared($abstract)) {
-            $this->shared[$abstract] = $object;
-            if ($this->shouldLog()) {
-                $this->log("[{$abstract}] added to shared pool");
-            }
-        }
-
-        // 弹出本次构造的覆盖参数
-        array_pop($this->with);
-
-        if ($this->shouldLog()) {
-            $this->log(sprintf(
-                '[%s] resolved%s',
-                $abstract,
-                ($needs_contextual_build ? ' with ' . implode(', ', $parameters) : '')
-            ));
-        }
-
-        return $object;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * 实例化具体的类实例
-     *
-     * @param  Closure|string           $concrete 类名或对应的闭包
-     * @throws EntryResolutionException
-     * @return mixed
-     */
-    public function build($concrete)
-    {
-        // 如果传入的是闭包，则直接执行并返回
-        if ($concrete instanceof Closure) {
-            return $concrete($this, $this->getLastParameterOverride());
-        }
-
-        try {
-            $reflection = new ReflectionClass($concrete);
-        } catch (ReflectionException $e) {
-            throw new EntryResolutionException("指定的类 {$concrete} 不存在", 0, $e);
-        }
-
-        if (!$reflection->isInstantiable()) {
-            $this->notInstantiable($concrete);
-        }
-
-        $this->build_stack[] = $concrete;
-
-        $constructor = $reflection->getConstructor();
-
-        // 如果不存在构造函数，则代表不需要进一步解析，直接实例化即可
-        if (is_null($constructor)) {
-            array_pop($this->build_stack);
-            return new $concrete();
-        }
-
-        $dependencies = $constructor->getParameters();
-
-        // 获取所有依赖的实例
-        try {
-            $instances = $this->resolveDependencies($dependencies);
-        } catch (EntryResolutionException $e) {
-            array_pop($this->build_stack);
-            throw $e;
-        }
-
-        array_pop($this->build_stack);
-
-        return $reflection->newInstanceArgs($instances);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * 调用对应的方法，并自动注入依赖
-     *
-     * @param  callable|string $callback       对应的方法
-     * @param  array           $parameters     参数
-     * @param  null|string     $default_method 默认方法
-     * @return mixed
-     */
-    public function call($callback, array $parameters = [], string $default_method = null)
-    {
-        if ($this->shouldLog()) {
-            if (count($parameters)) {
-                $str_parameters = array_map([ReflectionUtil::class, 'variableToString'], $parameters);
-                $str_parameters = implode(', ', $str_parameters);
-            } else {
-                $str_parameters = '';
-            }
-            $this->log(sprintf(
-                'Called %s%s(%s)',
-                ReflectionUtil::variableToString($callback),
-                ($default_method ? '@' . $default_method : ''),
-                $str_parameters
-            ));
-        }
-        return BoundMethod::call($this, $callback, $parameters, $default_method);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Finds an entry of the container by its identifier and returns it.
-     *
-     * @param string $id identifier of the entry to look for
-     *
-     * @throws NotFoundExceptionInterface  no entry was found for **this** identifier
-     * @throws ContainerExceptionInterface error while retrieving the entry
-     *
-     * @return mixed entry
-     */
-    public function get(string $id)
-    {
-        try {
-            return $this->make($id);
-        } catch (Exception $e) {
-            if ($this->has($id)) {
-                throw new EntryResolutionException('', 0, $e);
-            }
-
-            throw new EntryNotFoundException('', 0, $e);
-        }
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Returns true if the container can return an entry for the given identifier.
-     * Returns false otherwise.
-     *
-     * `has($id)` returning true does not mean that `get($id)` will not throw an exception.
-     * It does however mean that `get($id)` will not throw a `NotFoundExceptionInterface`.
-     *
-     * @param string $id identifier of the entry to look for
-     */
-    public function has(string $id): bool
-    {
-        return $this->bound($id);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * 扩展一个类或接口
-     *
-     * @param string  $abstract 类或接口名
-     * @param Closure $closure  扩展闭包
-     */
-    public function extend(string $abstract, Closure $closure): void
-    {
-        $abstract = $this->getAlias($abstract);
-
-        // 如果该类已经被解析过，则直接将扩展器应用到该类的实例上
-        // 否则，将扩展器存入扩展器池，等待解析
-        if (isset(self::$instances[$abstract])) {
-            self::$instances[$abstract] = $closure(self::$instances[$abstract], $this);
-        } else {
-            self::$extenders[$abstract][] = $closure;
-        }
-
-        if ($this->shouldLog()) {
-            $this->log("[{$abstract}] extended");
-        }
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * 获取日志前缀
-     */
-    public function getLogPrefix(): string
-    {
-        return ($this->log_prefix ?: '[WorkerContainer(U)]') . ' ';
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * 设置日志前缀
-     */
-    public function setLogPrefix(string $prefix): void
-    {
-        $this->log_prefix = $prefix;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * 获取对应类型的所有扩展器
-     *
-     * @param  string    $abstract 类或接口名
-     * @return Closure[]
-     */
-    protected function getExtenders(string $abstract): array
-    {
-        $abstract = $this->getAlias($abstract);
-
-        return self::$extenders[$abstract] ?? [];
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * 判断传入的是否为别名
-     */
-    protected function isAlias(string $name): bool
-    {
-        return array_key_exists($name, self::$aliases);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * 抛弃所有过时的实例和别名
-     *
-     * @param string $abstract 类或接口名
-     */
-    protected function dropStaleInstances(string $abstract): void
-    {
-        unset(
-            self::$instances[$abstract],
-            self::$aliases[$abstract],
-            $this->shared[$abstract]
-        );
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * 获取一个解析对应类的闭包
-     *
-     * @param string $abstract 类或接口名
-     * @param string $concrete 实际类名
-     */
-    protected function getClosure(string $abstract, string $concrete): Closure
-    {
-        return static function ($container, $parameters = []) use ($abstract, $concrete) {
-            $method = $abstract === $concrete ? 'build' : 'make';
-
-            return $container->{$method}($concrete, $parameters);
-        };
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * 获取最后一次的覆盖参数
-     */
-    protected function getLastParameterOverride(): array
-    {
-        return $this->with[count($this->with) - 1] ?? [];
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * 抛出实例化异常
-     *
-     * @throws EntryResolutionException
-     */
-    protected function notInstantiable(string $concrete, string $reason = ''): void
-    {
-        if (!empty($this->build_stack)) {
-            $previous = implode(', ', $this->build_stack);
-            $message = "类 {$concrete} 无法实例化，其被 {$previous} 依赖";
-        } else {
-            $message = "类 {$concrete} 无法实例化";
-        }
-
-        throw new EntryResolutionException("{$message}：{$reason}");
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * 解析依赖
-     *
-     * @param  ReflectionParameter[]    $dependencies
-     * @throws EntryResolutionException
-     */
-    protected function resolveDependencies(array $dependencies): array
-    {
-        $results = [];
-
-        foreach ($dependencies as $dependency) {
-            // 如果此依赖存在覆盖参数，则使用覆盖参数
-            // 否则，将尝试解析参数
-            if ($this->hasParameterOverride($dependency)) {
-                $results[] = $this->getParameterOverride($dependency);
-                continue;
-            }
-
-            // 如果存在临时注入的依赖，则使用临时注入的依赖
-            if ($this->hasParameterTypeOverride($dependency)) {
-                $results[] = $this->getParameterTypeOverride($dependency);
-                continue;
-            }
-
-            // 如果类名为空，则代表此依赖是基本类型，且无法对其进行依赖解析
-            $class_name = ReflectionUtil::getParameterClassName($dependency);
-            $results[] = is_null($class_name)
-                ? $this->resolvePrimitive($dependency)
-                : $this->resolveClass($dependency);
-
-            if ($this->shouldLog()) {
-                if (is_null($class_name)) {
-                    if ($dependency->hasType()) {
-                        $class_name = $dependency->getType();
-                    } else {
-                        $class_name = 'Primitive';
-                    }
-                }
-                $this->log("Dependency [{$class_name} {$dependency->name}] resolved");
-            }
-        }
-
-        return $results;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * 判断传入的参数是否存在覆盖参数
-     */
-    protected function hasParameterOverride(ReflectionParameter $parameter): bool
-    {
-        return array_key_exists($parameter->name, $this->getLastParameterOverride());
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * 获取覆盖参数
-     *
-     * @return mixed
-     */
-    protected function getParameterOverride(ReflectionParameter $parameter)
-    {
-        return $this->getLastParameterOverride()[$parameter->name];
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * 判断传入的参数是否存在临时注入的参数
-     */
-    protected function hasParameterTypeOverride(ReflectionParameter $parameter): bool
-    {
-        if (!$parameter->hasType()) {
-            return false;
-        }
-
-        $type = $parameter->getType();
-
-        if (!$type instanceof ReflectionNamedType || $type->isBuiltin()) {
-            return false;
-        }
-
-        return array_key_exists($type->getName(), $this->getLastParameterOverride());
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * 获取临时注入的参数
-     *
-     * @return mixed
-     */
-    protected function getParameterTypeOverride(ReflectionParameter $parameter)
-    {
-        $type = $parameter->getType();
-
-        if (!$type instanceof ReflectionNamedType) {
-            return [];
-        }
-
-        return $this->getLastParameterOverride()[$type->getName()];
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * 解析基本类型
-     *
-     * @throws EntryResolutionException 如参数不存在默认值，则抛出异常
-     * @return mixed                    对应类型的默认值
-     */
-    protected function resolvePrimitive(ReflectionParameter $parameter)
-    {
-        if ($parameter->isDefaultValueAvailable()) {
-            return $parameter->getDefaultValue();
-        }
-
-        throw new EntryResolutionException("无法解析类 {$parameter->getDeclaringClass()->getName()} 的参数 {$parameter}");
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * 解析类
-     *
-     * @throws EntryResolutionException 如果无法解析类，则抛出异常
-     * @return mixed
-     */
-    protected function resolveClass(ReflectionParameter $parameter)
-    {
-        try {
-            // 尝试解析
-            return $this->make($parameter->getClass()->name);
-        } catch (EntryResolutionException $e) {
-            // 如果参数是可选的，则返回默认值
-            if ($parameter->isDefaultValueAvailable()) {
-                array_pop($this->with);
-                return $parameter->getDefaultValue();
-            }
-
-            if ($parameter->isVariadic()) {
-                array_pop($this->with);
-                return [];
-            }
-
-            throw $e;
-        }
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * 获取类名的实际类型
-     *
-     * @param  string         $abstract 类或接口名
-     * @return Closure|string
-     */
-    protected function getConcrete(string $abstract)
-    {
-        if (isset(self::$bindings[$abstract])) {
-            return self::$bindings[$abstract]['concrete'];
-        }
-
-        return $abstract;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * 判断传入的实际类型是否可以构造
-     *
-     * @param mixed  $concrete 实际类型
-     * @param string $abstract 类或接口名
-     */
-    protected function isBuildable($concrete, string $abstract): bool
-    {
-        return $concrete === $abstract || $concrete instanceof Closure;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * 判断传入的类型是否为共享实例
-     *
-     * @param string $abstract 类或接口名
-     */
-    protected function isShared(string $abstract): bool
-    {
-        return isset($this->instances[$abstract])
-            || (isset($this->bindings[$abstract]['shared'])
-                && $this->bindings[$abstract]['shared'] === true);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * 判断是否输出日志
-     */
-    protected function shouldLog(): bool
-    {
-        return Console::getLevel() >= 4;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * 记录日志（自动附加容器日志前缀）
-     */
-    protected function log(string $message): void
-    {
-        Console::debug($this->getLogPrefix() . $message);
-    }
+    use ContainerTrait;
 }